The Financial Markets: Direct And Indirect Transfers

The Financial Markets: Direct And Indirect Transfers In economics, a financial market refers to a media that allows people to buy, sell, create and exchange financial securities such as share and bonds, commodities such as basic agricultural goods and precious metals, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market. Both general markets where many commodities are traded and specialized markets where only one commodity is traded exist in financial market. Markets work by placing many interested buyers and sellers in one media, thus making it easier for them to find each other. The financial markets can be divided into different types such as capital markets commodity markets, money markets, insurance market and foreign exchange market. A saver refers to the one who deposit their money in bank, invest in company share and pays premium to an insurance company with objective to earn interest, dividend and profit. They aim also to accumulate their fund for future investment and expenses. However, a borrower just the reverse to saver. A borrower borrowed the money from saver by financial market to fulfill their need and need to effort the interest charge or give the dividend to saver. In a well-functioning economy, capital will flow efficiency from saver to borrower. The transfer of fund can make by three different ways such as direct transfer, indirect transfer through investment bankers and indirect transfer through financial intermediary. 2.0 Body 2.1 Direct transfer The first way is through direct transfer. It refers to a transfer of assets from one type of tax-deferred retirement plan or account to borrower. Direct transfers are not considered to be distributions and not taxable as income or subject to any penalties for early distribution. Most transfers take several days to complete, although this process is now generally faster in the electronic than in the past. Direct rollovers from qualified plans are a form of direct transfer. It occurs when firms direct sell their stock or bond to saver without going through any financial institution The advantages of direct transfer are direct transfers convenience and simple to trade between borrower and saver. The reason is when both borrower and saver agree with the term and condition, the transaction will be in process. Besides, it will be save time and cost. The reason is the transaction can complete online, just taking few days to complete and there is no high commission to pay for intermediate. Even though it is a lot of advantages using this method, there also bring some disadvantages to both parties. The savers will face lack of professional consultation from expertise. This will lead to the saver making wrong investment, facing loss the money and cheat by the business. Beside, the business will also facing less efficiency when direct transfer the securities. The reason is there is no expertise to help them promote the securities and it may not planning well when issuance of securities. 2.2 Indirect transfer through investment bankers The second way is indirect transfer through investment bankers. Investment bank refers to a financial institution that helps individuals and corporations to raising their capital by underwriting. They also act as the clients agent when issuance of securities such as stock and bond. An investment bank may also help organization involved in mergers and acquisitions and provides ancillary services. In investment banking there are two main which are trading securities for cash or other securities and promotion of the securities. In this way, the investment banker assumes the risk of selling a new security issue at a satisfactory price. This is called underwriting. An underwrite serve as a middleman and facilitates the issuance of securities. The companys securities and savers money will pass through the investment banking house. The investment banker will buy the entire issue of securities from the company that needs of financial capital. Then investment bank will turn sells these same securities to savers at a higher price. However, the investment bank taking the risk when they buy and hold the companys a security for certain time and it may not resell to savers for as much as they paid after a period of time. The reason is new securities are involved and company receives the proceed of the sale, this is called a primary market transaction. Besides, the investment banker also advises firms on the details of selling securities. The advantages for this method are the business will get professional suggestion from expertise about the details of selling securities. The business can raise the capital more efficient, the reason is the investment banker will buy over the securities and hold to sell for savers. This will help to business dispense with the pending time to wait saver transfer the money. The disadvantages for this method are the business may face depress in price of securities. The reason is when the business need capital emergency, the investment banker will depress the price of securities in order to make more money. The savers may also face receive inaccuracy information from investment banker. The reason is the investment banker wants to resell the hold securities, they may give inaccuracy information to the saver. 2.3 Indirect transfer through financial intermediary The third way is indirect transfer through financial intermediary. Financial intermediary consists of channeling funds between surplus and deficit agents. A financial intermediary is a financial institution that connects surplus and deficit agents. The classic example of a financial intermediary is a bank that transforms bank deposits into bank loans. Insurance companies, credit unions, pension fund and mutual funds also include as financial intermediary. Insurance defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. Credit union is a cooperative financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members and operated for the purpose of promoting thrift, providing credit at reasonable rates, and providing other financial services to its members. Pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income. Mutual fund is a professionally-managed type of collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to buy securities Through the process of financial intermediation, certain assets or liabilities are transformed into different assets or liabilities. As such, financial intermediaries channel funds from savers to those borrowers. As example, saver will save the surplus money in bank and get the deposit certificate, the bank will use the money to borrow to borrower by term of mortgage. Financial intermediaries provide important advantages to savers. Lending through an intermediary is usually less risky than lending directly. The major reason for reduced risk is that a financial intermediary can diversify. Financial intermediary will give many loans to different borrower. When mistake happen, the financial intermediary can cover by others loan interest. But if savers borrow direct to business, the risk will face by individual. Another reason is financial intermediary specialize in lending and better predict which of the people able to repay compare to individual savers. Second advantage financial intermediaries give savers is liquidity. Liquidity is the ability to convert assets into form money quickly. A house is an illiquid asset; selling one can take a great deal of time. If an individual saver has lent money directly to another person, the loan can also be an illiquid asset. Third advantage financial intermediaries give savers is cost advantage. Using financial intermediaries can reduce the costs of borrowing. The reason is there are a lot of borrowings complete in financial intermediaries, it can lead to economic of scale and save cost for savers. 3.0 Conclusion

Program Planning and Evaluation Essay

The Far West community is an ever-growing community that is presenting many opportunities especially for a diverse population. Because the way society is as a whole it is important that there are culturally diverse communities not only for ones that need the exposure to diversity but for the cultures that need a place they can call and feels like home. Within communities such as Far West there is a huge need for the educators to be able to provide good education as well educational programs that tends to the diverse needs of a diverse population. Far West is a community striving to provide the perfect community and educational atmosphere for those that look to call Far West home. A program that is focusing on producing a successful program for a diverse population would have to utilize some program planning. This is especially accurate when a majority of the school population is of an Asian descent. Not only will program planning need to take place to come up with ways to provide for the Asian populations needs but for other cultures as well. Due to the growing population of Asian people within Far West there has also been a spike in the population of other cultural groups. Not only will a need for educational programs for the Asian culture be a must but also for others such as the Hispanic population. Not only will bilingual educators be needed but also bilingual programs, text books, and other materials to provide for the multicultural school population. The program is planning to use the first four years of grades kindergarten through fourth grade as the transition period to transform these unilingual to bilingual American students. Another program that is going to be put into place is a diversity program. Planning for this program is going to take some outside of the box thinking and some dedication from the educators and from the parents of the students.  Recruitment of faculty and staff will take place to help run this program. The principal is on board with the program and plans to make a point to recruit all the bilingual staff and paraprofessionals to help make this program run without a hitch. Parents are going to be needed to make this program a success as well. The needs for dedicated, caring parents are needed to form a diversity program committee to plan and execute everything, (â€Å"Http://www.ehow.com†, n.d.). There have been talks of creating a new class to aid in this program as well as an after school program. It will all depend on the funding whether or not the class will be implemented but the after school program is a go. Along with the daily afterschool program there will also be a monthly program celebration that will celebrate a different culture each month. Determining the celebrated cultures will be based on the different cultures that attend the school. During that month all students involved with the program will learn the lifestyles, traditions, history, and any common knowledge of the celebrated culture of that particular month. To make this happen successfully it is important to allow students to be involved and have a say in the programs planning and scheduled activities. This is the strategy to keep the students engaged and provide them with a sense of importance and responsibility. All is set in place for this program and applications for the grants have taken place and this will be what will determine if there will be a class provided during school hours as well as the after school program. Another area of need to make sure that the Far West elementary school is providing acceptable and successful services is the use of program evaluations. Some programs do this type of evaluation but it normally takes place on a quarterly basis. Far West plans to utilize a bi-monthly evaluation so the necessary statistics are recorded to make sure that the program is effective. This not only helps the students but it is also beneficial for the teachers and aides. With the students the evaluations provides insight on the learning level of the students and how well they are obtaining and learning the material taught within the program. All students learn on different levels and it is important to decipher what a child’s learning level is so that the program does not fail the student. The evaluations are also important for the educators and assistants because it allows them to analyze the data provided to see if adjustments need to be made so that lower level students can receive e xtra assistance. The  evaluations can also provide teachers with insights on any areas of improvement needed on how they are teaching the curriculum to the students. Evaluation is needed to help make a program successful and it also helps in the continuing evolution of a program. Far West plans to focus their attention on their program planning and evaluation by following a check lists. This check lists focuses on Curriculum, particularly a diverse curriculum. The next area would be instruction. The instruction given to these students is going to be as diverse as the schools population with the use of technology such as computers, videos, music, and artwork. These strategies will be added to the typical traditional use of textbooks and other media sources that can be obtained within the school’s library. Evaluation is another strategy on the checklists that was already touched upon, and lastly culture. A school’s culture sets the tone for how much the student’s value diversity in others as well as how confident they feel being themselves, (â€Å"Http://www.ehow.com†, n.d.). Program planning and program evaluation go hand in hand with this organization and for the most part a majority of all organizations. Part of the planning that has taken place is to provide an evaluation program on a bi-monthly basis. Success for this program relies on the continuous planning to make the program efficient and the continuous evaluation to make sure that the program is effective for students and the curriculum is effective as well. Both of these interrelate because with this program, planning and evaluation is needed for the overall success of the program. Far West believes that they have a curriculum, program, which is only in need of some extra staff, some dedicated parents, a nd some funding to make it all happen. Although everything presented within this written document has been all positive and seems to be fool proof there are always bumps in the road and potential obstacles that have to be faced when implementing a program of this nature. Technical issues are something that could slow the process of such a program if the required resources are not available. Because this is such a diverse program that is expected to have a large and diverse amount of participants the need for technology is needed. Technology is not only needed for resources but for alternate teaching strategies, programs, record keeping, communication, student interacting, research, and many more areas. Because of the size of the diverse population that is expected at Far West, part of their budget is  going to have the need for more computers and different bilingual programs to allow for more ample instruction of the programs curriculum. Another area of concern when it comes to starting a program would be political aspe cts. Politics is involved in almost everything one can think of. There is a large chance that there are some parents or other citizens within the Far West community that may feel that the grant money needed for all the educational changes can be utilized in other areas. Some parents that may be of another ethnic decent or part of a family that may not feel that it is important for their children to be culturally diverse could be opposed to this program proposal. These families may think that it would be a waste of money or recourses. Some families may feel that more attention should be given to classes of the arts such as art, and music. Or they may be some that believe that funding may be needed for more extracurricular activities such as sports or travel clubs. Other areas of concern could be facility improvement or maintenance. Other political issues could be on how a family looks at political views. Republicans may be opposed to such a program because they may feel that the money could be used in other areas, whereas democrats could be all for a program that is set up to help all of those involved. Other areas could be the overall upbringing and cultural traditions that families follow. Racism is still a huge issue within society and there could be families that feel that it is not in their children’s best interest to learn cultural diversity and may also feel like it is against their rights for such a program to be taught at the school their children attends. That is why the program is optional and not a requirement. The in school class would be a class where students that are interested or their parents are interested can enroll them into the class. The after school program will be optional as well. Although Far West is investing a lot of time and work into this program they are not going to allow this program take away from any other area within the school. This is to prevent from anyone to feel that they are being discriminated against. Far West is not taking any advantages away from other students they are just getting accustom to the ever evolving school population for years to come. This program is important. Children are the future of this country and if children are to be successful they are going to need the correct learning atmosphere, and resources to be able to do so. The Far West population is  becoming more and more diverse by the day and this is the case for the Far West elementary school. Far West has developed a program that will promote learning in an area that is a new way of life with cultural diversity. This is mindset of the future and by Far West Elementary setting an example; this could be the new and improved way of educating our youth starting at an early elementary age. References http://www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_7464923_create-diversity-program-school.html http://www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_7846153_checklist-diversity-evaluation-classrooms.html

HowI to Make Ice-Cream

I have always enjoyed entertaining people in my home. Over the years I have discovered three requirements to make entertaining successful: creating a relaxing atmosphere, providing lots of good food, and having many amusing things to do. As far as creating a relaxing atmosphere is concerned, there are many ways to accomplish this. One way is by inviting guests that are compatible. Another way to provide a relaxing atmosphere is to make sure that guests have something in common. Pleasant conversation is always a must, and it leads to a most relaxing atmosphere.Depending on the particular occasion,  it is also possible to add atmosphere with decorations such as hats and horns at a birthday party or ghosts and jack o'lanterns at a Halloween part y. If I can create an atmosphere that is both friendly and relaxing, my entertaining is off to a good start. I find my favorite part of entertaining is preparing a bounty of good food. I love to cook and experiment with different types of food s for many different occasions. One of the easiest types of food preparation for a party is the buffet, a dining arrangement featuring a table laden with plenty of food, organized so that the guests can walk around the table from both sides and  fill their plates.I can set up a simple buffet with turkey and roast beef slices, salads, hot vegetables, and succulent desserts. Coffee and tea or soft drinks are the common beverages that are served with a buffet. If I decide to, I can also serve mixed drinks. I find it quite a challenge to try different styles of cooking for parties. It gives me the opportunity to create new and different dishes. One of my specialties is a Mexican meal of enchiladas, tacos, and refried beans, served with cold iced tea. Another of my specialties is an Italia n meal of spaghetti, accompanied with piping hot garlic bread fresh from the oven.This meal can be highlighted by serving a chilled red wine. I’ve found that good food is a complement to any t ype of entertaining. After I have created a relaxing atmosphere and filled my guests’ stomachs with good food, the last item on the agenda is amusement. I can amuse my guests in a variety of ways. When I entertain, several card tables are set up with many different games on them: card games such as pinochle, euchre, and Rook and party games like Aggravation and Yachtzee. Of course, there are always some guests who do not enjoy playing games.They can be entertained with pleasant conversation. Also, it is always fun to gather around a piano or organ to sing songs like â€Å"Yankee Doodle,† â€Å"Down In The Valley,† and â€Å"The Yellow Rose of Texas. † Generally, if there is a variety of amusements provided, the guests will entertain themselves by joining in whatever they find enjoyable. There are two ways to determine the success of my party. One guaranteed way is checking to see if I have provided my guests with the three necessities I have mentioned: a relaxing atmosphere, plenty of food, and a variety of entertainment. Another method of judging the success of my party is watching my guests to see if they are enjoying themselves as the evening progresses.

Themes Of Symbolism In Death Of A Salesman - 1105 Words

Death of a Salesman In the movie Death of a Salesman (Death of a Salesman, 1985), we understand that there are a lot of symbols presented in the movie. The symbols in the movie are: stockings, the rubber hose, seeds, and a Tennis Racket. Each symbol represents the theme in the movie and gives it more attention to detail. The main character, Willy, represents every symbol, he makes up the whole movie. The movie makes it difficult to distinguish each symbol at times, so we know that the movie isn’t 100% perfect either. The first and most important symbol in my eyes is the rubber hose. We understand that throughout the movie, we see Willy as an unhappy salesman who crashes his car almost every week. The rubber hose is only brought up a few†¦show more content†¦Willy didn’t make it far in the business world, so he had nothing left to give after his death. Everything in his eyes all were focused on the past; about how good life was in the past before Biff caught him having an affair. Much like a garden that produces fruits and vegetables, Willy was not able to do the same for his sons. He was not able to produce stable relationships with his boys. After Biff found out about the affair, things went rotten. Just like if you don’t water the plants in a garden, they’ll rot. Stockings in the movie represent the affair Willy had. The affair played a major role in the movie with the relationship between Biff and Willy. The relationship between the two was disintegrated along with Biff’s future. You can understand that the stockings are a symbol because both Linda and the woman have them. Willy yells at Linda for mending her stockings because he is ashamed of his actions while still being married. He refuses to tell Linda, but will yell her for mending her own stockings. The stockings also remind him of the time when Biff walked in the room to see him and the woman along with her new stockings. Biff felt hurt by what his father did, and so did Willy. Willy and Biff might not show it in front of Happy and Linda, but they’re both hurt by Willy’s actions. Willy’s hurt because he gets lonely on the road and wants someone to love, but feels very ashamed by his actions. Biff on the other hand is hurt because he believes Willy treatsShow MoreRelatedArthur Miller Criticism913 Words   |  4 Pagesfor a spot in the prestigious American Author Hall of Fame. His works meet the criteria for the American Authors Hall of Fame since they have themes important to society, are unique, and have universal appeal. Arthur Millers works meet the American Author Hall of Fames first criteria by dealing with themes highly important to society. Some serious themes prevalent in his works were antisemitism and economic inequity (Christenbury 187). Jewish himself, Miler had faced antisemitism first-hand. 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